Bereavement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Bereavement - Essay Example The mourner's history of losses, personality style, and pre-morbid mental health adjustment also impact the grief process (Rando, 1993). Clearly, the traumatic circumstances that surrounded the events of September 11th added an unprecedented degree of complexity to the grief of those who experienced losses that day. While it appears reasonable that issues related to the trauma itself must be resolved before there is sufficient intrapsychic energy to deal with the loss per se, parsing out the differences between the symptoms of post-traumatic stress and those of complicated grief can be challenging (Figley, Bride, & Mazza, 1997). Depressive symptoms may also be confusing and interfere with recognition of and response to the symptoms of complicated grief (Rando, 1993). Especially in the initial phases of recovery from a traumatic loss, individual interventions are an appropriate modality of treatment. The process of assessment for the variety of co-morbid risks that can accompany traumatic loss is facilitated in individual sessions. There is also the opportunity to provide support and problem solving that specifically address the challenges that have been generated by both the loss itself, the circumstances surrounding it, and its intrapsychic concomitants. But because of the sense of emotional isolation that commonly accompanies both trauma and the loss of a significant other, support groups are an excellent adjunct to individual treatment (Figley et al., 1997). Studies report the importance of the supplemental support system such groups provide, and the critical necessity for the normalizing discussions about reactions and difficulties that take place in group sessions (Yule & Udwin, 1991; Fitzgerald, 1994; Rando, 1988; Underwood & Dunne-Maxim, 1992). In later stages of recovery, group support can be essential to the process of going on with life. Immigrants and Cultural Minority Groups Given both the effect that culture has on grief and bereavement, and the disproportionate rates of infant death, particularly among Afro-Caribbean immigrants compared to European, Latin American, Mexico and those born in the United States, we sampled providers serving this community. The importance of cultural competence cannot be overstated. Cultural competence should include: providers being aware of their own cultural traditions and beliefs, learning about the cultural beliefs and customs of the community being served, genuine appreciation and respect for cultural diversity and being empathic, flexible and prepared to tailor the care to meet individual and family needs of those that have suffered a loss (ACOG). The Needs of People Experiencing Loss, Grief and Bereavement There was broad agreement that the needs of individuals in relation to loss, grief and bereavement are highly individualised. There is a wide range of grieving styles and experiences. However, the fundamental needs of bereaved individuals are for support and acceptance. This includes recognition and validation of their grief and grieving style, from family, friends, employers and the general community. Arguably, grief and bereave

Copula, risk modelling and mathematic finance Essay

Copula, risk modelling and mathematic finance - Essay Example People and teams can influence future performance, though the cause and effect relationship lies more in the present than in the past. The ability of investment to produce future returns is fraught with probabilities. The alternative chosen for use of an asset is a matter of deliberation and discretion. It should therefore be possible to value an investment based on the risk-taking nature of the group that controls deployment of the asset. The matter is worth pursuing wherever there is value in predicting future cash flows from an investment, and when the past is known to be of low relevance for conditions in the future. It is also of interest because it could allow for the professional application of modeling to an area of widespread interest and concern amongst all communities of investors. Though a quantile approach can ameliorate the confusing scatter of past events with respect to independent variables, major qualitative changes in their complex inter-relationships can result in the most disruptive discontinuities as we extend past trends in to horizons of the future. There are situations in which statistical validity is inadequate for a decision on a risk with very serious consequences. We need, as far as possible, to create comprehensive scenarios in which the outcome can be reasonably guaranteed if specified conditions are met. The imperatives of a risk management approach will not allow for the degree of uncertainty to which mere smoothing of past variations may be restricted. Legislation, regulation and social pressures from organized groups are different today from their past arraignment. They continue to change as well. We are asked to discontinue things to which we are accustomed, new challenges arise from technology and new opportunities as well. Investments with long gestation are par for many courses, yet the futility of past data grows as we travel ever more distant in to the future. However,