Analysing New Challenges Posed By The Development In Government Policies Social Work Essay

Analysing New Challenges Posed By The Development In Government Policies Social Work Essay In this report, I am going to consider the new challenges posed by the latest development in government policies, and particularly those set out in the Every Child Matters and Youth Matters agendas and their impact on Children services especially Looked-After-Children in foster and residential care. I will first and foremost, look at the definition of what Looked-After-Children means, the development of foster and residential care for Looked-After-Children and theoretical knowledge, the legal and policy frameworks underpinning childrens services while considering the implications as well as ethical dilemmas for social work practice. Also, I will look at the effectiveness and impact of multi-agency working, professional autonomy versus employer direction, the balancing act of care and control and how effective the Care Programme Approach is used for those looked after and those leaving care. Furthermore, the regulations that guide placements and the roles of foster carers will also be critically examined. Looked-After-Children as defined in section 22(1) of Children Act 1989, refers to those children in the care of any local authority or provided with accommodation by any local authority for the purpose of safeguarding and promoting their welfare. For example, some children can not remain at home due to adverse conditions such as family crises, a disability or offending, domestic violence, abuse and neglect. Hence the local authority will have to intervene and adequate measures taken to safeguard and promote their welfare and in most cases they are taken into care (foster or residential care). Foster care arrangements is usually a family based care arrangement in which the child is placed in the foster carers own home. The British Association for Adoption and Fostering (2007), states that this kind of care arrangement could be in cases of emergency or non-emergency, for short or long term, on remand or respite, close relatives fostering or private foster carers providing the care need s of the child. However, Residential care is quite similar to foster care, in that adults look after the children on a day to day basis on a pro rota basis. The only difference is that residential care is more of a communal setting where a number of staff works rather than an intimate family unit (as in foster care) in providing the childs needs (DOH 1998a). Some background of foster care and residential care Children were first recognised as individuals in their own right by the implementation of the Children Act 1948 following recommendations from the Care of Children Committee 1946 known as The Curtis Report (Hayden et al 1999) which was influenced by the Monckton Inquiry 1945 into the appalling murder of Dennis ONeill who was in foster care. The report was published with regards to children being deprived of a normal home life during and after the second world war (Barnados 2007) as children from differing social stratifications were brought together into residential care (children homes at the time) as a consequence of the disruption of war . Although the Act established childrens departments and child officers, the general belief was that children should remain (where possible) with their primary caregivers. This decision was influence by John Bowlbys attachment theory in which he emphased the importance of the bond between a child and his/her primary caregiver (mother) and how sepa ration between mother and child could have detrimental effects on the development of the child (Hopkins, 2007). With the introduction of Children and Young Persons Act 1963, local authorities were further given powers and duties to support children in their own homes (Thomas, 2005). This development further strengthened the local authoritys decision and also reinforced Bowlbys attachment theory. However, Waterhouse et al (2002) noted that in the 1970s the use of residential care for primary school children had begun to decline and the shift was towards family oriented care. The 1980s saw a further rapid decline in Looked-After-Children in residential care. Residential care was only viewed as a last resource for adolescents who could not be placed in family settings (Thomas 2005). According to Ibid (2005) foster care or boarding out as it was referred to until the late 1980s, was generally a female orientated voluntary service for looking after deprived children within a family setting with an aim to normalise their experiences whilst in care. It should be noted however, that during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s residential care received significant negative attention through no fault of the children in care (Thomas 2005). In this era, horrific sexual, physical and emotional abuse was exposed, which led to major inquiries into children in care. The three most notable reports are the Pindown inquiry by Levy and Kahan (1991), the Leicestershire inquiry (1993) and the inquiry into the abuse of children in childrens homes in North Wales, known as the Waterhouse Report, 2000 (Thomas 2005). These reports changed the course of policy and practice. It is evident by Ibid (2005) that although these reports have depicted abuse in residential homes over the years, abuse in foster home goes largely undetected. The Waterhouse report (DOH 2000a) exposed no cohesive regulations of childrens homes adding that the responsible local authorities had adopted a tokenistic approach. Upon this report, recommendations for change were clearly defined. The New Labour Government responded to the report and published major policy initiatives such as Quality Protects and the Care Standards Bill (2000) under which the General Social Care Council (GSCC) was established to monitor and regulate all social care staff. The GSCC has been given the mandate to register all social care staff (qualified and non-qualified alike) and also to produce enforceable codes of conduct and practice (DOH 2000b). These were designed to prevent unsuitable people in the social care sector. Other recommendations included, a childrens complaints officer, criminal record checks, a designated field social work assigned to each Looked-After-Child. Accountable and independent regulatory inspection body was also recommended to inspect re sidential and foster homes to meet National Minimum Standards (DOH 2002). Policy and legislative frameworks. There are a host of policies and legislative frameworks underpinning the holistic needs of Looked-After-Children that I as a social worker must work to accordingly. However, working within the parameters of the law, meeting policy guidance and the constraints of limited resources is a complex task (Brammer 2007). The Children Act 1989 is the main legislative instrument that mandates all child care professionals to work towards the best interest of the child. The Act received royal assent in 1991 and arose from substantial research that exposed poor outcomes and significant failings in safeguarding, protecting and meeting childrens needs (Brayne Carr 2005). This same Act also introduced the welfare check list, to include factors that must be considered when professionals and the courts are deciding the future welfare of a child. Although the philosophy of the Act is that the child is best brought up in their own families, at times this is not in the best interests of the child. The local authority has a duty to safeguard and promote the childs welfare (s.22(3)). The overarching principle of the Act is that the welfare of the child is paramount (s.1) regardless of race, religion or culture. Although section 22(5)[c]) of the Act states that the local authorities must consider the childs religious persuasion, racial origin and cultural and linguistic background, this only applies to looked after children (Brammer 2007). Under the Race Relations (Amendment Act) 2000, local authorities have a duty to promote good race relations and equality, provide a culturally sensitive service and protect against racial discrimination. Whilst articles 3,5,6,8 and 14 within the Human Rights Act 1998 are important to children, it is the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) that provides a comprehensive framework for children to attain their full potential. It sets out over 40 substantive rights including protection from harm and exploitation, access to education and health and family life (DFES, 2003). The governments first attempt to transforms childrens services was the implementation of the Quality Protects initiative. Also part of a wider set of projects including Sure Start to help children in their early years and their families get off to a better start in life. The Quality Protects programme set out eleven key objectives (DOH 1999) for childrens services requiring all statutory agencies as corporate parents to work together, ensuring that childrens social services provide targeted care for disadvantaged children to enable them to take maximum advantages of universal services, most notably health and education. It was the key mechanism for delivering the aims of the government White Paper, Modernising Social Services (DOH 1998). Local authorities were required to submit a Management Action Plan informing the government on how they were going to meet these objectives. Choice Protects was a further initiative launched in 2002 to improve outcomes for looked-after-children throu gh providing better placement stability, matching and choice (Butler et al 2004) Further changes in legislation followed the death of Victoria Climbià © whilst in private foster care. Lord Lamings report made key recommendations for change following this inquiry (Victoria Climbià © Inquiry 2003). The governments response was a major reform of childrens services and the Children Act 2004, underpinned by the policies set out in Every Child Matters agenda (DFES, 2003). This focused on achieving five key outcomes for services to children, to work towards achieving their full potential. The Five Key Outcomes of the Every Child Matters are: Being healthy, Staying safe, Enjoying and achieving, Making a positive contribution and Achieving economic well-being. The 2004 Act also established childrens trusts, bringing together education, health and social services, as well as a childrens commissioner to promote the interests and views of children. Due to the profound importance of education, section 22(3) of the Children Act 1989 amended by section 52 of the Children Act 2004 now places a duty on local authorities to promote the educational attainment of Looked-After-Children (Brammer 2007). The Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families (DOH 2000b) and subsequent practice guidance was introduced as part of New Labours Quality Protects programme and replaced what was formerly the orange book. The three inter-related dimensions of the framework: Childs Development Needs, Parenting Capacity and Family and Environmental Factors and its sub-domains present the necessary ingredients to provide a holistic, specialist assessment of need used in conjunction with the Children Act 1989, that carers, other professionals and agencies can contribute. The domains can be adapted for the needs of disabled children and are useful for social workers in assessing placements to establish suitability in meeting the childs holistic needs (DOH, 2000b). Additionally, they can be used to evaluate progress within parenting capacities, particularly if key areas were targeted for improvement, thus determining whether the needs of the child will be sufficiently met if they are to return to their own home environment (Ibid, 2000b). The Common Assessment Framework (CAF) as proposed by Every Child Matters (DFES, 2003) is a relatively new standardised approach for assessing the need for services for children and is part of a wider government programme to provide integrated services including the need to improve multi-agency working. The CAF is a common language in assessment and is based upon the five outcomes of Every Child Matters (Brammer 2007). Every Child Matters raises questions of where looked-after-children should be (or get to) in relation to other children. The agenda aims to improve the lives of looked-after-children holistically across the five outcomes linking to the Articles in the UNCRC (Unicef 2006a). The objective is to improve and integrate childrens services, promote early intervention, provide strong leadership, bringing together different professionals in multi-disciplinary teams in order to achieve positive outcomes for children, using a matrix of specialist, targeted and universal services built around their needs. As a social work, I cannot over emphases the importance gaining a comprehensive assessment of a child under my care. This includes getting an in depth picture/knowledge of the childs past history throughout his/her development as this can inform me and others on how the child is likely to respond to particular situations, together with the possible triggers to specific behaviour of that individual, including the childs view of the relationship with his/her family. It is this kind of information, which Falhberg (1994) says is sometimes missing from case files, which could result in the child not receiving an appropriate care package or placement. However, it is important to remember that when gathering information childrens own perspectives on their experiences are an important source of knowledge as well (DOH 2000a p.8). Furthermore, this knowledge equips me with the significance of sharing information between professionals in order to be able promote and meet the childs holistic nee ds. In the inquiry into the death of Victoria Climbie ¢ and many other previous inquiries in to child protection failures it was noted that the quality of information sharing was often poor, systems were crude and information failed to be passed between hospitals in close proximity to each other. As the report commented, information systems that depend on the random passing of slips of paper have no place in modern services (The Victoria Climbie ¢ Inquiry Report, 2003, p13). In order to provide an effective system for safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children, all agencies and staff working with children need to work together in addressing the issue of information sharing and recording. Although personal information should always be respected (DOH 2000 p.45), there are times when the law permits the disclosure without consent in order to safeguard the child. Therefore, by explaining to the child at the outset why and how information is shared, there are no unnecessary surprises for the child. The Working together document (DOH, 1999) highlights the importance of multidisciplinary and inter agency working in children work force. This document was put together by Department Of Health, Department for Education and Employment and the Home Office. It serves as a guide to inter-agency working with a commitment to sharing information to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. However, it also provides improved guidance on child protection procedures and the newly reformed Local Safeguarding Childrens Boards. Implications on social work practice However, safeguarding children is never free from ethical dilemmas. For example, it is necessary at times to place children in secure accommodation under section 25 of the Children Act 1989 for their own and others safety (Brammer 2007). Although this conflicts with Article 5 of the UNCRC; Right to Liberty along with the potential to diminish their autonomy, this must therefore be a last resort to safeguard their welfare when other strategies and social work interventions have been ineffective. Yet another area of consideration is effective care planning for Looked-After-Children. This is key to promoting and meeting their holistic needs. Care plans should be child-centred/person-centred, needs based, focussed, proactive and written collectively with the social worker, the child (depending on age and maturity), parents/guardians and any prospective caregivers (National Childrens Bureau 2007). In this way, care can be delivered in a more open and understanding way. This also promotes partnership between all stakeholders involved in the care and welfare of the child. However, studies undertaken by Timms Thorburn (2006) revealed that children were not always involved in writing their care plan as much as they should be. The care plan is a continuing process based on a holistic assessment of the childs needs and how they will be met, including a statutory Health Plan and Personal Education Plan (including Special Educational Needs) which sets out targets, providing a valuable individual monitoring mechanism (DfES 2005). The requirement of statutory reviews laid out in section 26 of the Children Act 1989 reinforces this c ontinuum (Thomas 2005). The amendment to section 26 made by section 118 of the Adoption and Children Act 2002, now requires that statutory reviews must be chaired by an Independent Reviewing Officer, who ensures plans are timely, effective and sensitive and focussed on the childs needs, the placement, offering a safeguard to prevent drift and addressing poor practice (DfES 2004 p.8). However, this looks good on paper but the question remains as to how independent the Independent Reviewing Officer can be when he/she is employed or paid by the local authority for the services rendered. Furthermore, the Looked-After-Children documentation also contains significant component identifying age-related Assessment and Action records. These records are an achievable by way of assessing and reviewing the childs well being across the seven dimensions of the childs developmental needs located within the assessment framework (DOH 2000c). Additionally, these records identify each others roles in undertaking the tasks to effectively meet these outcomes (Thomas 2005). Walker et al (2003) emphasises that these records should be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Related to the assessment and have a clear Time scale (SMART) for completion. Its been argued again and again that meeting the needs of black and minority ethnic children is a complex task for social workers given the controversial debates regarding same race/trans-racial placements (Thomas 2005). Is this not a way of further marginalising, discriminating and oppressing this group of children? Walker (2005) cited by Allain (2007, p137) stresses the importance of . . . developing culturally competent practice for working with children and young people cannot be overstated. Meaning as social workers we need to be cultural sensitive and aware that cultural norms and models of behaviour can vary considerably between communities and even families (Victoria Climbià © Inquiry 2003 para.16.5). However, many children who are fostered are from black and minority ethnic groups with entirely different cultures (Thomas 2005). Although there is research to suggest that trans-racial placements are not damaging to children (Tizard and Phoenix 1989) The Children Act 1989 (Guidance and Regulations vol 3 paras 2.40-2.42 DOH 1991) promotes same race placements within foster settings. As a social worker, I am aware that assessments are not value free. According to City of Salford Community and Social Services (2000) social workers bring their racial, cultural, gender, class and religious values to the assessment. Clear guides to good professional practice are maintained within the GSCC codes of practice. Anti-oppressive practice and valuing diversity in its broadest context are at the heart of social work together with a commitment to partnership working, being non-judgemental, trustworthy and respecting service users rights (GSCC 2002). Dominelli (1997) also states that in their quest to treat everyone as equals, social workers have inadvertently adopted a colour blind approach implying that skin colour is the only difference, thus reinforcing negative assumptions. In addition, she notes social workers have dumped black difficult children on to black foster carers highlighting racist assumptions that they can look after their own. According to Cross (1971 cited by DOH 2000a) black children struggle to gain a positive sense of racial identity. Therefore, in order for child care professional to assess and understand, Cross provides a model of identity that can be used to make the correlation between the childs own perception and their emotional development. Another highlight is that unaccompanied asylum seeking children are not only faced with language and cultural issues, but it appears that the Hillingdon Judgment and its subsequent guidance (LAC (2003)13) DOH 2003) is not being adhered to nationally (Nandy 2005). Children aged 16-17 are still being supported by section 17 of the Children Act 1989 (children in need) rather than having full section 20 status as per the recommendations, providing them with ongoing support post-18. The Children (Leaving Care) Act 2000 provides for, a holistic Pathway Assessment of needs, which informs the Pathway Plan for a continuum of care and support until the age of 21(beyond if in education) with a personal adviser. Section 24 of the Children Act 1989 sets out the duty of the local authority to advise, assist and befriend a child who leaves care after the age of 16. However, research indicates that although Looked-After-Children are the most vulnerable in society, they are pushed to independence ear lier than other children. Stein (2006 p.274) describes care leavers as having accelerated and compressed transitions to adulthood. Educational attainment for Looked-After-Children is unacceptably low, with only 12 per cent achieving 5 GCSEs grades A-C compared to 59 per cent of other children (DfES 2007). Research by Berridge et al (1998 cited by DOH 1998a) indicates that Looked-After-Children, particularly those in residential care are ill-equipped with adequate learning materials and staff felt that they were not sufficiently trained to provide teaching support to those who were excluded from school (DfES 2005). Guidance from the DfES (2005) aims to promote better partnership working including teacher training and additional support for Looked-After-Children in schools. Fundamental to the Children Act 1989 is that the children have a right to be heard and are individuals in their own right. The childs wishes and feelings must be sought by the local authority with regards to aspects of their circumstances and future plans (s.22(5)) and s.1(3) when courts are making decisions. This principle is enshrined in the Article 12 of the UNCRC (Unicef, 2006). However, Thomas (2005) notes that there is still a debate to what extent children have in determining their lives, although the general consensus is that they should be listened to. Leeson (2007) also states that childrens participation in decision making is questioned due to them being regarded as vulnerable, less competent beings in need of social work protection (p.268). Although children may not know what they want, they should be encouraged by all professionals to participate, (according to their age and understanding) thus empowering them and increasing their autonomy. Communication with children is the means to establishing a relationship, even when they do not want to engage verbally. Play, activity based work, writing, drawing and body language are also essential tools in the art of being receptive (Kroll 1995 cited by Thomas 2002). Disabled children may prefer other methods of communication such as the Picture Exchange Communication System, Makaton or British Sign Language. Additionally, they may have their own individual ways of communicating, therefore it is crucial that not only the child care professionals understand, but the child has confidence that their messages are heard (DFES, 2006). Foster carers and residential workers have a similar role. They work closely with social workers, families, doctors, psychologists, teachers, nurses, probation officers and other outside agencies in order to effectively promote the holistic needs of the child. Although it is the responsibility of the social worker to ensure that plans are implemented, reviewed and legalities adhered to, residential staff and foster carers are principally the ones to undertake the tasks (Thomas 2005). Studies by Whitaker et al 1998 cited by DOH (1998) highlighted the extensive skills and personal qualities that are required when working within group living, including knowledge and understanding of development, group dynamics, networks, listening, advocating, physical and emotional support. This list is not exhaustive and not exclusive to residential; on the contrary, foster carers should equally be proficient in these skills. Due to the challenging nature of the profession there is a high turnover of staff within residential care which amounts to children not being able to form adequate attachments, although key worker systems are used to enhance this. Colton et al (2007) analysed a number of factors from researchers and concluded that one of the key issues was emotional exhaustion from increasingly complex, volatile, chaotic and disruptive behaviour displayed by children towards staff. According to Fostering Network (2007) foster care turnover also remains high with a shortage of over ten thousand foster carer placements. According to Barter et al (2004) many children entering the care system are filling an available vacancy rather than receiving an appropriate provision to meet their complex needs. Furthermore, Triseliotis (2002) notes that children are far more likely to be in continual state of insecurity due to the legalities of impermanence and many felt that this anxiety was heightened from the carers behave or else stance. Although research has indicated that authoritative parenting within fostering has had the most success (Wilson et al 2004). The use of Social Learning Theory, particularly in the newly funded Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care Project in England, considers that since behaviour is learned, it can be unlearned via therapeutic methods and living environment. MTFCE is targeted for those with complex needs, challenging behaviour and offenders (DFES, 2003). Under section 26 of the Children Act 1989, children have a statutory right to complain about the services they receive. Amendments to the Children Act 1989 via the Adoption and Children Act 2002 (s.119) created a new section (26(a)) which affords children and young people a statutory right to an advocate in the light of complaints (Brammer 2007). In addition, the White Paper Valuing People (DOH 2001) emphasises that children who have learning disabilities should also be included in such initiatives. Furthermore, Ward (1995) notes that the local authories should be playing a more active role and taking the initiative to seek the views of Looked-After-Children, as some of those looked after, are under duress (p.16) To ensure children are looked after properly, residential homes and fostering agencies are inspected by an independent body. As of April 2007, Ofsted began the regulation and inspection of childrens services building on the previous expertise of Commission for Social Care Inspection (Ofsted 2007). Residential homes are subject two annual visits (one announced and one unannounced) from the inspecting body to monitor performance against both the National Minimum Standards (DOH 2002) and the Childrens Homes Regulations 2001.Internal inspections are required by the registered manager to monitor matters set out in Schedule 6 of the regulations (34(1)) such as, menus, the quality of rotas, staffing and childrens complaints. Under regulation 33, a monthly inspection takes place by a statutory visitor to monitor performance against the five outcomes of Every Child Matters. Including speaking to the children and staff, checking files, care plans and placement plans. A report is then prepared and forwarded to Ofsted. Many children have a troubled and complex past (Thomas 2005). A good home offers attachments, permanence, identity, self esteem and promotes contact (where necessary) with the child and parent(s). Attachment theory originiates from the work of John Bowlby and has been elaborated considerably since. Attachment behaviour is reciprocal rather than unidirectional and is defined as a long enduring emotionally meaningful tie to a particular individual cited by Schaffer (1997 p.127). Bowlby theorised that lack of nurturing from an infants primary care giver would have serious consequences for the child in later life, leading to affectionless psychopathy (the inability to have deep feelings for others) in Rutter (1991). Social workers need to consider how a placement will promote healthy attachments and psychological development, furthermore, how they are provided, maintained and strengthened (Howe 1996, cited by Thomas 2005). However, Robinson (2002) criticises Howe for failing to mention t he attachments within the black community and families in his writings, merely referring to cultural variations. Research identified four attachment behaviours; secure, insecure/avoidant ambivalent and disorganised, secure being the most ideal (Howe 2002). A good understanding of these internalised behaviours assists social workers to differentiate between them when analysing assessments (Ibid 2002). Howe further notes that there is a tendency for these internal working models to become self fulfilling, where by the child acts in certain ways to elicit desired self-confirming reactions from others. However, research indicates that a child does not have to be at the mercy of the past (Schaffer 1992 p.40) depending on how resilient the child is to adapting to lifes complex variables. The prevalence of mental disorders is high in looked-after-children, particularly in residential care compared to foster care. According to the Office of National Statistics (2003) nearly three quarters of the children in residential care (72 per cent) were clinically diagnosed as having a mental disorder. The role of the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services promotes the mental well being of children through commissioning services via a four-tier strategic framework (level four being severe) following an assessment (DFES, 2003). Most looked-after-children receive services at level three or four. However, Schaffer (1998) suggests that it is difficult to tell who will need therapeutic involvement and who will simply grow out of it. Leighton (In press) states that professionals must be aware of their own personal values and attitudes that could influence decision making as to whether a child will benefit from therapy. Furthermore, she adds that ethical challenges are plentiful in creating and respecting the childs autonomy whilst undertaking a balancing act with safeguarding their welfare and promoting their best interests. Thomas (2005, 2002) urges caution with the overall concept of best interests of the child as he suggests that it could be oppressive and dangerous if misused, particularly with regards to who is making the decisions in the best interests for example; professionals, the family or the child themselves. Although there is good evidence from research to indicate positive outcomes for children, these cannot assume a one size fits all solution to ensuring a desired individual result for there are other intricacies that need to be taken into account, for example religion and culture. With regards to child welfare, Fox-Harding (1997) states that the Children Act 1989 is in ideological conflict concerning the role of the state. She notes four different value positions; liassaz-faire, state paternalism, parents rights and childrens rights. The latter two are appropriate here. Firstly, she notes that the perspective of parents rights acts as a belief

The Role of Inflammation in the Advancement of Chronic Obstructive

The Role of inflammation in the advancement of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease. Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the collective term used for respiratory disease, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The disease develops slowly and is often not diagnosed until it is advanced and irreparable damage is evident (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, 2011). The disease is characterised by airflow obstruction and lung parenchyma.Parenchyma, associated with emphysema, is the permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by airway wall destruction, without obvious fibrosis (Demirjian and Kamangar, 2011; Atsuyasu et al. , 2007). Airflow limitation results from loss of elastic recoil and reduced airway tethering. Chronic bronchitis leads to narrowing of airway calibre, increasing airway resistance. Patients may display signs of one or both of these diseases as they frequently occur in associat ion with each other.Common symptoms are wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath on exertion, production of sputum and recurrent respiratory infections (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, 2011). There are a host of triggers that exacerbates symptoms including smoking and environmental pollutants, resulting in chronic inflammation (Kazuhiro and Barnes, 2009; Manuel et al. , 2002). â€Å"Inflammation is defined as the presence of redness, swelling and pain, caused by the presence of edema fluid and the infiltration of tissues by leukocytes† (Nairn & Helbert, 2002, pp15).Inflammation is a key biological response to eliminate harmful pathogens, but there is increasing evidence to suggest that chronic inflammatory responses are accountable for the advancement of this disease and other chronic diseases including coronary artery disease, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. This review explores the correlation between COPD and inflammation and the subsequent effects on the systemic systems and the link with coronary heart disease (Mantovini et. al. , 2008; Mohr & Pelletier, 2005; Sattar et. al. , 2003; Powells et. al. , 2001; Danesh et. al. 2000; Murdoch & Finn, 2000). Methods Search engines used were Google Scholar and Pub Med using the keywords COPD, inflammation, disease, apoptosis, interleukin 8, cytokines, coronary heart disease and COPD. Searches were restricted to dates between 1999 and 2012. The majority of the included papers were obtained from the reference lists of other research papers. COPD risk factors: COPD is strongly linked with repeated exposure to noxious particles or gases and cigarette smoke has been acknowledged as a prime risk factor (Fabri et. al. , 2006; Lindberg et al. , 2005; Pauwels and Rabe. 2004, Association for Respiratory Technology & Physiology, 2000). Smokers have an increased prevalence of respiratory and lung function abnormalities, a greater rate of decline in FEV1 and a higher mortality rate than non-smokers (World health organisation, 2012). However, only a third of smokers develop COPD which implies that other factors such as genetics and environment are involved (Agusti, 2003). Exposure to air pollution caused by heating and cooking with bio-mass fuels in poorly ventilated housing are major risk factors for COPD, especially in developing countries (Pauwels & Rabe, 2004).The most documented COPD genetic risk factor is the deficiency of Alpha -1-antitrypsin, a polymorphic glycoprotein which offers anti-protease protection against the serine proteinease, neutrophil elastase (Abboud & Vimalanathan, 2008; Devereux, 2006; Siafakas & Tzortzaki, 2002; Fabbri et al. , 2006). Research studies (in vitro) indicated that Alpha – 1 – antitrypsin also possesses anti-inflammatory capabilities that extend beyond its anti-protease role, including regulation of CD14 expression (Nita, Serapinas & Janciauskiene, 2007), inhibition of TNF-? ene upregulation (Subramaniyam , 2007) and inhibition of lipopolysaccharide activation of monocytes and neutrophil migration (Janciauskiene et al. , 2004). Deficiency of Alpha -1-antitrypsin is associated with COPD progression in both smokers and non-smokers, although far greater in smokers (Bergen et al. , 2010; Fabbri et al. , 2006; Siafakas and Tzortzaki. , 2002; Foos et al. , 2002). Studies have suggested that smoking with this genetic disposition will substantially increase risk of developing COPD (Kohnlein & Welte, 2008; Pauwels & Rabe, 2004; Foos et al. , 2002; Siafakas & Tzortzaki, 2002; Association forRespiratory Technology and Physiology, 2000). Pathogenesis of COPD Exposure to noxious particles â€Å"†¦ triggers cytokine activation to recruit cells, which play a vital role in removing the noxious agents†¦ † (Nairn & Helbert, 2007, pp22). An infiltration of neutrophils, eosinophils and CD8+ T-lymphocytes into the airways and lungs follows (Demedts et al, 2006; Mahler et al. , 2004; Sopo ri, 2002). High concentrations of chemokines, interleukon-8 (IL8) and tumor necrosis factor-a have been found in patients with COPD which are potent activators and chemo-attractants of leukocyte subpopulations (Murdoch and Finn, 2000; Yamamoto et al. 1997). The interaction of chemo-attractants with leukocytes initiates a series of coordinated and cellular events, which includes phagocytosis, release of soluble anti-microbials and formation of reactive oxygen compounds involved in intracellular killing (Murdoch & Finn, 2000). Neutrophils and macrophages release elastase, stimulating the production of mucus to assist in ridding the airways of the irritants and subsequent waste generated by the inflammatory response (Shimizu et al. , 2000).Other processes such as neutrophil necrosis and reactive oxygen species further contribute to mucus hyper secretion (Kim and Nadel, 2004; Mizgerd, 2002). When an inflammatory response is no longer needed protease inhibitor cells dampen the response. Research suggests that the inhibiting response in COPD is not triggered and chronic inflammation presides, representing a crucial mechanism in the pathogenesis of COPD (Demedts et al. , 2006; Hodge et al 2004). Hypersecretion of mucous can inhibit the ciliated epithelium from transporting mucus from the airways.Subsequent delays in bacteria clearance results in bacterial colonisation, which stimulates further granulocytic recruitment to the airways, escalating the inflammatory response. Chronic inflammation is linked with tissue destruction, imbalance of proteolytic and anti-proteolytic activity, hyper secretion of mucus, increased apoptotic activity and oxidative stress which contribute to the progression of COPD. Long term, chronic inflammation can result in widespread airway and parenchymal cell destruction which further contributes to disease progression (Mantovini et al. 2008; Mohr and Pelletier, 2005; Sattar et al. , 2003; Sopori, 2002; Powells et al. , 2001; Danesh et al. , 2 000; Murdoch & Finn, 2000). Research suggests that macrophages express a markedly lower amount of toll like receptors in COPD suffers, resulting in a decreased recognition of microbes, facilitating damaging microbial colonisation, which may explain the increased amount of respiratory infections in COPD sufferers (Schneberger, 2011; Droemann et al. 2005). Infection initiates a biased release of inflammatory mediators which may escalate the pathogenesis of the disease (Gaschler et al. 2009, Ritter et al. , 2005; Sethi, 2000). Oxidative stress Demedts et al, 2005 found that the alveolar macrophages of COPD sufferers produced much higher levers of oxygen radicals and myeloperoxide which are important for the destruction of inter-cellular pathogens. Oxidant/anti-oxidant imbalance can result in the inactivation of anti-proteinases, airspace epithelial injury, increased sequestration of neutrophils in the pulmonary microvasculature, and gene expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, all of which exacerbate the inflammatory response (MacNee, 2000 Drost et al. 2005). Emphysema like changes have been show in the CT scans of malnourished women, suggesting that diet has an effect on lung tissue in the absence of smoking (Coxon et al. , 2004). Dietary supplementation then may be a beneficial therapeutic intervention in this condition, as antioxidants not only protect against the direct injurious effects of oxidants, but fundamentally alter the inflammatory events that play an important part in the pathogenesis of COPD (Coxon et al. , 2004; MacNee, 2000). Apoptosis and COPDResearch suggests that there is increased apoptosis of epithelial cells in smokers and COPD patients. Apoptosis persisted despite smoking cessation which suggests apoptosis may play a part in driving the inflammatory process and progression of the disease (Hodge et al. , 2003). Increased apoptotic alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells in the lungs not counterbalanced by proliferation and sufficient ph agocytic clearance results in destruction of lung tissue and development of emphysema (Demedts et al, 2006; Kazutetsu, Naoko & Atsushi, 2003; Barnes et al. 000) Apoptosis can be induced by various stimuli, including oxidative stress, elastase and infiltrating cytoxix CD8 + T cells which are all associated with inflammation (Kazutetsu, Naoko and Atsushi, 2003). Efferocytosis allows for the removal of apoptotic material with minimal inflammation and prevents the development of secondary necrosis and ongoing inflammation. Failure of this highly conserved process may contribute to disease pathogenesis by impeding both the resolution of inflammation and the maintenance of alveolar integrity (Mukaro and Hodge, 2011; Taylor et al. , 2010; Morimoto et al, 2006; Vandivier et al, 2006).Proteolytic/Anti-proteolytic activity Mukaro and Hodge, (2011) suggests that in COPD there is an imbalance between proteolytic and anti-proteolytic activity, a prominent factor in the pathogenesis of this disea se, which may contribute to lung parenchymal destruction. Research has also found that macrophages demonstrate defective phagocytic ability against common airways pathogens in COPD (Taylor et al. , 2010; Hodge et al. , 2003), The findings of Berenson et al. , (2006), supported a paradigm of defective immune responsiveness of alveolar macrophages, but found no significant differences in the blood macrophages of COPD sufferers.Taylor (2010) believes that persistence of bacteria as a consequence of defective phagocytosis may be a chronic antigenic drive for chronic inflammation. Systemic effects of COPD â€Å"Chronic inflammation is present in all disease processes, mediating all stages of disease from initiation, manifestation and maturation† (Sompayrac 2003, pp12). Compelling epidemioligical data links systemic inflammation to atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, strokes, and coronary deaths (Danesh, Whincup and Walker, 2000; Ridker, 1999).These observations have been stro ngly supported by experiments that show the direct effects of certain inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), on the pathogenesis of plaque formation (Zwaka, Hombach and Torzewski, 2001; Lagrand, Visser & Hermens, 1999). A study by Gan, Man & Sin, 2003) found that patients with COPD were 2. 18 times more likely to have an elevated circulating c-reactive protein levels. Evidence strongly suggests that there is relationship between COPD, systemic inflammation, and cardiovascular diseases.Studies show that patients with mild-to-moderate COPD, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality (Din and Man, 2009; Pope et al, 2003). As these diseases share similar risk factors such as smoking, increased age and inactivity, causation is unclear and is likely to be due to multiple factors, including lifestyle, environmental and genetics (Gan, 2005; Agusti et. al. 2003). Discussion Inflammation, it would appear, is a double edged sword; crucial for cleara nce of pathogens and recovery from injury; but can also contribute to life threatening chronic diseases (Smith, 1994; Sporori, 2003).COPD is a complex condition, influenced by multiple genetic and/or environmental risks. A cycle of low grade inflammation is the consequence, with destructive and damaging effects, resulting in mucus hyper-secretion, airway obstruction, increased elastase production and oxidative stress, which encourage further inflammation and destruction. COPD is associated with exposure to smoke or noxious gases, however inflammation may also be caused by irritation from coughing, wheezing, respiratory infections and mucus production. Most exacerbations of COPD are caused by bacterial or viral infection (Sanjay and Murphy, 2008; Sanjay 2008).Mucosal cells produce mucus, which irritates the airways causing airway obstruction. This subsequently reduces FEV1, and cough effectiveness, which contributes to the build up of bacterial mucus. Imbalance between proteolytic an d anti-proteolytic activity presides, creating an ideal environment for infection. Research suggests that macrophages express a markedly lower amount of toll like receptors in COPD suffers, resulting in a decreased recognition of microbes, facilitating damaging microbial colonisation, which may explain the increased amount of respiratory infections in COPD sufferers (Schneberger,2011; Droemann et al. 005). Infection initiates a biased release of inflammatory mediators which may escalate the pathogenesis of the disease (Gaschler et al. , 2009, Ritter et al. , 2005; Sethi, 2000). Researchers have found high levels of neutrophils, macrophages and CD8+ cells in ex smokers (Lappers et al. , 2006). Thus, suggesting that inflammatory changes in COPD, although initially induced by inhalation of noxious agents, are fundamental to the disease process, rather than to the initial trigger per se (Gamble et al, 2007). Studies have shown that airway epithelial and T-cell apoptosis in COPD continue s despite smoking cessation (Lappers et al. 2006). Excess apoptosis results in inappropriate destruction of host tissue, leading to atrophy and tissue necrosis, which in turn further stimulates the inflammatory response and perpetuates the situation. We have already ascertained an imbalance between the proteolytic and anti-proteolytic activity and this is another factor that contributes, resulting in failure to resolve the inflammatory reaction rapidly (Hodge et al. , 2005). Un-cleared apoptotic cells may undergo secondary necrosis with discharge of injurious cells contents resulting in tissue destruction and further inflammation.Inability to remove apoptotic cells and debris created overwhelms the normal clearance mechanisms, stimulating further inflammatory responses, further contributing to COPD pathogenesis (Sanjay and Murphy, 2008; Sanjay 2008). It has been identified that the immune system may become less responsive, the longer that chronic inflammation presides, which may lea d you to believe that this would initiate an inhibitory effect on the inflammatory process. However this is not the case and the inflammatory process persists, presenting as low level chronic inflammation.In addition a less responsive immune system is more susceptible to infection, exacerbating the inflammatory response (Sanjay and Murphy, 2008; Sanjay 2008). There appears to be strong epidemiological links between cardiovascular disease and COPD. The same inflammatory markets are evident in both suggesting a systemic link. Both diseases share similar risk factors, so it is difficult to determine initiation of the diseases. One could also argue that the debilitating effects of COPD, which include a reduced exercise capacity, dyspnoea and deconditioning increase the risk of cardiovascular disease development.In conclusion, it appears that adaptive immune is active in the disease progression of this complex pathophysiological syndrome. Particularly elaboration and production of cytoki nes, chemical mediators and auto-antibodies, which directly injure respiratory tissues. CD8+ mediates tissue destruction, whereas CD4 orchestrates inflammatory responses, which facilitates humoral immune responses (Gadgill and Duncan 2008). Conclusions made in this review are only valid within the boundaries of the research and papers used. References: Agusti et al (2003) Systemic effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Eur Respir J 2003; 21: 347-360 [Online]. Available at: http://www. taiss. com/gepoc/gecarp/gepubli/publdoc/010-999-agustiag-systemic-effects-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease. pdf (Accessed: 10 November 2011). Association for Respiratory Technology and Physiology (2000) Handbook in Spirometry. 2nd Edition. Association for Respiratory Technology and Physiology. Birmingham . Barnes P. J (2000) Mechanisms in COPD, Differences from Asthma. Chest, February 2000, vol 117, no. 2, suppl 105-145. [Online] Available at: http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/10673 467 (Accessed: 4 November 2011). Beeh, K. M. , Kornmann, O. Buhl, R. , Culpitt, S. V. , Giembycz, M. A. , Barnes, P. J. , ‘Neutrophil chemotactic activity of sputum from patients with COPD: role of interleukin 8 and leukotriene B4’. Chest, 2003; 123, 1240-1247 [Online]. Available at: http://journal. publications. chestnet. org/article. aspx? articleid=1081469 (Accessed 4 November 2011). Bergin, D. A. , Reeves, E. P. , Meleady, P. , Henry, M. , McElvaney, O. J. , Carroll, T. P. , Condron, T. P. , Chotirmall, S. H. , Clynes, M. , O’Neill, S. J. , McElvaney, N. G. , (2010) ? -1 Antitrypsin regulates human neutrophil chemotaxis induced by soluble immune complexes and IL-8.J Clin Invest. 2010; 120(12):4236–4250. Doi:10. 1172/JCI41196 [ Online] Available at: http://www. jci. org/articles/view/41196 (Accessed: 21 August 2012). Brunner, T. , Mueller. C. , (2003) Apoptosis in disease: about shortage and excess. Essays Biochem. 2003;39:119-30. [Online]. Available at : http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/14585078 (Accessed: 30 July 2012). Canavan, J. , Garrod, R. , Marshall, J. , Jackson, D. , Ansley, P. , Jewell, A. , (2007) ‘Measurement of the acute inflammatory response to walking exercise in COPD: effects of pulmonary rehabilitation’. International Journal of COPD, 2007:2(3) 347-353.Cosio, G. , Majo, J. , Cosio, M. , (2002) Inflammation of the Airways and Lung Parenchyma in COPD. Chest. May 2002. 121(5_wuppl):160s-165S [Online] Available at: http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/12010846 (Accessed: 5 November 2011) Danesh, J. , Whincup, P. , Senior M. C. , Lennnon, L. , Thomson, A. , Appleby, P. , Gallimore, J. R. , Pepys, M. B. ,(2000) Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: prospective study and updated meta-analyses’ BMJ 2000;321:199 [online] Available at: http://www. bmj. com/content/321/7255/199. full (Accessed: 21 August 2011). Demedts, I. K. , Demoor, T. Bracke, K. R. , Joos, G. F. , Brusselle, G. G. , (2006) ‘Role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of COPD and pulmonary emphysema’. Respiratory Research, 7:53. [Online] Available at: http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1501017/ (Accessed: 14 November 2011). Droemann D. , Goldmann, T. , Tiedje, T. , Zabel, P. , Dalhoff, K. , Schaaf, B. , (2005) Toll like receptor 2 expression is decreased on alveolar macrophages in cigarette smokers and COPD patients. Respiratory Research 6:68. [Online] Available at: from http://respiratory-research. com/contents/6/1/68 (Accessed: 14 November 2011).Drost E. M. , Skwarski, K. M. , Souleda, J. , Soler, N. , Roca, J. ,Augusti, A. , MacNee, W. , (2005) Oxidative stress and airway inflammation in severe exacerbations of COPD. International Journal of Respiratory Medicine, Thorax 2005, 2930300 [Online], Available at: http://thorax. bmj. com/content/60/4/293. full. pdf, (Accessed: 9 November 2012). Dyer, E. , Englander, H. , Kagen, D. , (2011) Treatment of Anemia in Patients with Heart Disease. Washington (DC): Department of Veteran Affairs. Gamble, E. , Grootendorst, D. C. , Hattootuwa, K. , O’Shaugnessy, T. , Ram, F. S. F. , Qlu, K. , Zhu, J. Vignola, A. M. , Kroegel, C. , Morell, F. , Pavord, I. D. , Rabe, K. F. , Jeffery, P. K. , Barnes, N. C. (2008) Airway Mucusal inflammation in COPD is similar in smokers and ex-smokers: a pooled analysis. Eur Respir. J. 2007, 30: 467-471 DOI:10. 1183/09031936. 00013006 [Online] Available at: http://www. lumc. nl/rep/1070/att/91028021319455/100316114728452. pdf. (Accessed: 15 August 2012) Garrod R. , Ansley, P. , Canavan, J. , Jewell, A. , (2007) Exercise and the inflammatory response in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) – Does training confer anti-inflammatory properties in COPD?Medical Hypotheses (2007) 68, 291-298. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (2011) Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of COPD [Online] Available at: http://www. goldcopd. or g/. (Accessed: 3 November 2011). Hodge S. , Hodge, G. , Scicchitano, R. , Reynolds, P. N. , Holmes, M. , (2003) Alveolar macrophages from subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are deficient in their ability to phagocytose apoptotic airway epithelial cells. Immunology and Cell Biology (2003), 81, 289-296, [Online], Available at: http://65. 199. 186. 23/icb/journal/v81/n4/full/icb200342a. tml, (Accessed: 7 November 2012). Hodge S. , Hodge G. , Holmes M. , Reynolds P. N. , (2005) Apoptosis in COPD. Current Respiratory Medicine reviews. Volume 1, Number 1, January 2005, pp 33-41(9). Publisher: Bentham science publishers. [Online], Available at: http://www. ingentaconnect. com/content/ben/crmr/2005/00000001/00000001/art00004, (Accessed: 24 July 2012). John M. , Hoernig S. , Doehner,W. , Okonko, D. D. , Witt, C. , Anker, S. D. (2005) Anaemia and Inflammation in COPD. Chest 2005; 127; 825-829. [Online] Available at: http://www. chestjournal. chestpubs. org (Accessed: 21 Novem ber 2011).Kazuhiro I. And Barnes P. J. (2008) COPD as a Disease of Accelerated Lung Aging, Chest. January 2009; 135 (1): 173-180. doi:10. 1378/chest. 08-1419 [Online], Available at: http://journal. publications. chestnet. org/article. aspx? articleid=1089585 (Accessed: 10 November 2012). Kim S. and Nadel J. A. (2004) Role of Neutrophils in Mucus Hypersecretion in COPD and Implications for Therapy Treatments in Respiratory Medicine, Volume 3,  Number 3, 2004 , pp. 147-159(13) [Online] Available from : http://chestjournal. chestpubs. org/content/117/5_suppl_2/386S. full (Accessed: 20 November 2011).Kohnlein T. and Welte T. (2008) Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency: Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment, The American Journal of Medicine Volume 121, Issue 1 , Pages 3-9, January 2008 [Online]. Available at: http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/18187064 (Accessed: 29 July 2012). Lapperre T. S. , Postma, D. S. , Gosman, M. M. E. , Snoech-Stroban, J. B. , Hacken, N. H. T. , Hiemstra, P. S. , Timen, W. , Sterk, P. J. , Mauad, T. , Relation between duration of smoking cessation and bronchial inflammation in COPD. Thorax 2006;61:115-121 doi:10. 1136/thx. 2005. 040519. [Online].Available at: http://thorax. highwire. org/content/21/2/115. full (Accessed: 17 August 2012) Lapperre, T. S. , Postma, D. S. , Gosman, M. M. E. , Snoech-Stroban, J. B. , Hacken, N. H. T. , Hiemstra, P. S. , Timens. W. , Sterk, P. J. , Mauad, T. , Relationship between duration of smoking cessation and bronchial inflammation in COPD. Lapperre, T. S. , Postma, D. S. , Gosman, M. M. E. , Snoech-Stroban, J. B. , Hacken, N. H. T. , Hiemstra, P. S. , Timens. W. , Sterk, P. J. , Mauad, T. , Relationship between duration of smoking cessation and bronchial inflammation in COPDLapperre, T. S. , Postma, D. S. Gosman, M. M. E. , Snoech-Stroban, J. B. , Hacken, N. H. T. , Hiemstra, P. S. , Timens. W. , Sterk, P. J. , Mauad, T. , Relationship between duration of smoking cessation and bronc hial inflammation in COPD. Lapperre, T. S. , Postma, D. S. , Gosman, M. M. E. , Snoech-Stroban, J. B. , Hacken, N. H. T. , Hiemstra, P. S. , Timens. W. , Sterk, P. J. , Mauad, T. , Relationship between duration of smoking cessation and bronchial inflammation in COPD. Mahler, D. A. , Huang, S. , Tabrizi, M. , Bell, G. A. , (2004) Efficacy and Safety of a Monoclonal Antibody Recognizing Interleukin-8 in COPD*: A Pilot Study.CHEST. September  2004;126(3):926-934. doi:10. 1378/chest. 126. 3. 926 September  2004, Vol 126, No. 3 [Online] Available at: http://journal. publications. chestnet. org/article. aspx? articleid=1082794 (Accessed: 9 November 2012). ————————————————- Mantovani, A. , Allavena, P. , Sica, A. , Balkwill, F. , (2008) Cancer-related inflammation Nature 454, 436-444 (24 July 2008) doi:10. 1038/nature07205; [online] Available at: http://www. nature. com/natur e/journal/v454/n7203/abs/nature07205. html (Accessed: 17 August 2012). ———————————————— Mizgerd J. P (2002) Molecular mechanisms of neutrophil recruitment elicited by bacteria in the lungs. Seminars in Immunology. Volume 12 Issue 2 April 2002 Pages 123-132. ————————————————- Mohr,D. C. , Pelletier,D. , (2005) A temporal framework for understanding the effects of stressful life events on inflammation in patients with multiple sclerosis. Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94131, USA [online] Available at: http://www. sciencedirect. om/science/article/pii/S0889159105000620 (Accessed: 17 August 2012). Murdoch C & Finn A (2000) Chemokine receptors and their role in inflammation and infectious diseases. Blood. May 15, 2 000 vol 95. No. 10 3032-3043. Nadel, J. A. (2000) Role of neutrophil elastase in Hypersecretion during COPD exacerbations and proposed therapies. Chest. 2000; 117, 386S-389S. Nairn R & Helbert M (2002) Immunology for Medical Students. Mosby Elsevier. Canada. Pauwels, R. A. , Buist, A. S. , Calverley, P. M. A. , Jenkins, C. R. , Hurd, S. S. , (2001) Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic

The Benefits of Argumentative Essay Examples

The Benefits of Argumentative Essay Examples Your essay should consist of recent statistics and data from reliable sources. Essentially anything that has to be understood before reading the remainder of the essay is background info, and ought to be included in the introduction. Look through the list of topics cautiously and commence making a mental collection of the evidence you may use on topics you prefer. A superb method to tell if your topics is an argument topic is to see whether you can debate your topic utilizing the info you find. The Honest to Goodness Truth on Argumentative Essay Examples You could also see concept essays. When you develop this kind of essay, you should make your claims by your composition so it will be open fordebate. You might also see essay examples. In order to supply an in-depth understanding about the argumentative essay, it's better to take a look at some of the greatest examples of argumentative essay. It is very important to note an argumentative essay and an expository essay could be similar, but they vary greatly with regard to the quantity of pre-writing and research involved. There are four key components to each argumentative essay, and you're likely to have to include them should you need your essay to convince your readers. An argumentative essay aim is to take one specific viewpoint out of the other viewpoints. Writing an argumentative essay can occasionally be confusing since you don't necessarily understand how to compose a convincing argument. Writing a persuasive, argumentative essay can be challenging, and at times it can find a little confusing. Whether it's an argumentative or expository essay which you're writing, it is essential to develop a clear thesis statement and an obvious sound reasoning. Based on your argument, the variety of body paragraphs you have will vary. The variety of body paragraphs depends upon the sort of argument you need to introduce. When selecting a font, attempt to use the one, which isn't hard to read. Any very good task finishes with an excellent conclusion and the very best examples of the argumentative essay will arrive in with a conclusion with an overview of all of the points together with a gist of the evidences provided. Vital Pieces of Argumentative Essay Examples It isn't possible to set limits on the wages, but they might be more performa nce oriented than ever before. While one of you thinks it has to be eliminated throughout the planet and nobody deserves to die, no matter what they did, the other believes that in certain instances the best punishment is death. An argumentative essay example will reveal the should possess some crucial components which make it better in the practice of convincing. A comprehensive argument As mentioned before, an argument doesn't have to be formal. The argumentative essay has a certain format that must be followed to blow the mind of the reader, and it's especially helpful for students together with the corporate when making strategic proposals. Whatever the truth is, make sure the essay is appealing and generate interest among the readers to get involved in the debate. A thesis is the principal argument of the entire paper. Argumentative arguments are only arguments that are written back on paper. An argumentative essays objective is to convince your reader to hold up your side of the argument. They use logic, facts, and reasoning to determine the victor. An argumentative essay is a sort of thesis or composition in which you have to present your view and endeavor to convince others your facts and arguments are correct. Writing an argumentative essay is a skill that anyone in school should know, although it can be useful outside the classroom, too. Frequently students are permitted to choose argumentative essay topics independently, which can be both challenging and interesting at the very same time. Not only that but they will be able to access their online courses and be able to follow the lecture through powerpoints. When asking us how to begin an argumentative essay, many students forget that they have to begin with an outline. Argumentative Essay Examples Ideas It is very important to che ck reviews about essay writing services in order to be confident they can deliver your task before the deadline. Should you need extra assistance with editing and revising, there are a few free tools readily available online. Many teachers will supply you with books, websites, and documents you may use for your essay. Be sure you read online essay writing service reviews in order to know what sort of material you are spending for. Argumentative Essay Examples - the Story The chief reason why somebody is writing an argumentative essay is to try to persuade or sway another individual or perhaps a group of men and women in your rightness in a particular theme. The topic chosen for the purpose should be attractive in the view of many readers. If you've completed a nice job, they will observe things your way and your essay is going to be a success. Today, the entire the heart of socialism was transformed into a small device that occupies the palm of your hand.

Essay on Office of Homeland Security - 1434 Words

Office of Homeland Security Just as our parents and grandparents remember where they were and what they were doing when President John F. Kennedy was shot, so will it be with this generation when asked the same questions pertaining to September 11, 2001. This horrific event will be a scar on the body of our wonderful nation until the end of time. Parents lost children, children lost parents, spouses lost their heartmates – so much anguish and emotional devastation demands that something be done to prevent tragedy like this from occurring in the future. This is why President George W. Bush created the Office of Homeland Security. This cabinet-level position was created in lieu of the 9-11 attack on the World Trade Center and the†¦show more content†¦In the area of national strategy, the Office will work with executive departments and agencies and state and local governments to make certain the adequacy of the national strategy for detecting, preparing for, preventing, protecting against, respondi ng to, and recovering from terrorist threats or attacks in the U.S. and will revise that strategy as necessary. In the detection department, the Office will identify priorities and coordinate efforts for collection and analysis of information within the United States regarding threats of terrorism, and activities of terrorists within the country. It will also identify priorities for the gathering of intelligence outside the U.S. in regards to threats of terrorism within the nation. The Office will work with federal, state, and local agencies to make possible collection from state and local governments and private bodies of information related to terrorist threats or activities in the U.S. It will coordinate efforts to ensure that all executive departments and agencies that have intelligence collection responsibilities have enough technological capabilities and resources to continue to collect intelligence and data relating to terrorist activities or possible terrorist acts in the States. Also, it will manage development of monitoring protocols and equipment for detecting the release of biologi cal, chemical, and radiological hazards. Not only that, the office will ensure thatShow MoreRelatedThe Creation Of The Dhs1406 Words   |  6 PagesThe Creation of the DHS The Department of Homeland Security is liable for establishing the safety and defense of the U.S. from terrorism and natural disasters. In the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks on America by terrorists, Department of Homeland Security’s main concern has been on federal measures to prevent terrorism attacks and handle other crisis situations. When the Department of Homeland Security was created it had four goals: to diminish America’s vulnerability to terrorism byRead MorePreventing Terrorism Through Providing Nuclear Security1501 Words   |  7 PagesPreventing Terrorism through Providing Nuclear Security The Department of Homeland Security was initiated as a result of the worst terrorist attack in United States history, September 11th, 2001, with the purpose of providing protection for the American people from a wide variety of terrorist threats. On March 24th and 25th, 2014, President Barack Obama along with 52 other world leaders travelled to The Hague, Netherlands for the 2014 Nuclear Security Summit. While there the President stated in theRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security1602 Words   |  7 PagesDepartment of Homeland Security The Department of Homeland Security is an agency made up of 22 different federal agencies which were combined in an effort to streamline the United States effectiveness in defending our nation. The core mission of the Department of Homeland Security include prevent terrorism and enhancing security, secure and manage our borders, enforce and administer our immigration laws, safeguard and secure cyberspace, ensure resilience to disasters (Department of Homeland Security, 2015)Read MoreEssay on Department of Homeland Security1561 Words   |  7 PagesThe Establishment of the Department of Homeland Security as Established by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 An Analysis and Report Zachary Stackhouse Political Science 101: Introduction October 24, 2011 Introduction On September 11th, 2001, The United States of America and the rest of the world stared and watched as the first and then second tower of the World Trade Center in New York came under attack by terrorists. At 8:46 am, American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North TowerRead MoreIntelligence, Terrorism, And Terrorism1481 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Homeland security is all about ensuring the safety and security of the United States (U.S.) and its citizens. It was apparent that the attacks of September 11, 2001 were lack of intelligence. Since then, the U.S. has given great emphasis of intelligence to prevent terrorist events such as 9/11 from happening again. Homeland security has emplaced variety of efforts in order for the U.S. to address safety and security issues as well as in addressing the ever-growing threats of terrorismRead MoreHomeland Security1093 Words   |  5 PagesCity. The United States of America has not worried much about self-defense or in this case homeland security. Due to the actions on September 11th homeland security has been the main goal of many politicians and voters. Homeland security builds coalitions and partnerships, protects civil rights and civil liberties, and develops human capital. History The foundations and principles of homeland security are rooted deeply in American history. The preamble of the Constitution, as written by GovernorRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security Made Us Safer1433 Words   |  6 Pages Has the Department of Homeland Security Made Us Safer? As one of the greatest power houses in the world, the United States has attempted to keep warfare on foreign soil rather than stateside. Doing so was a lot easier when war was fought between two different countries, but nowadays, the main source of conflict around the world comes from small bands of people who reside, not in one country or place, but spread throughout the world. Traditionally military servicemen would wear some type of camouflageRead MoreThe Role Of Homeland Security From The United States Constitution1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe role of Homeland Security originated from the Founding Fathers, under the United States Constitution, that created a system and gave the primary role of homeland security to state and local governments (Oliver, 2007). When state and local governments became overwhelmed and could no longer effectively deal with a crisis then homeland security government would assist those governments (Oliver, 2007). The relationship was created through t he United States Constitution in Article 4, Section 4, whichRead MoreThe Security Of Rail Transportation1609 Words   |  7 PagesThe security of rail transportation in the United States Rail Security falls into two categories, namely, passenger rail and freight rail. Passenger rail together with the mass transit is among the transportation subsector networks that provide numerous means of transportation from access points to end destinations connecting to other modes of transportation (Department of Homeland Security, 2007). While Freight railroads are key element of the nation’s transportation system that comprises of overRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security Essay786 Words   |  4 Pagesdeter and prevent attacks on our homeland and as well as deter and threats from potentially occurring. Following 9/11, the Department of Defense has been entrusted with the role in the management of risks facing the United Sates. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has stated that it will apply risk management principles to homeland security operations and has stated â€Å"Ultimately, homeland security is about effectively managing risks to the Nation’s security† (DHS 2010, pg. 2). This is much

Strategic Management Analysis of Nike - 2519 Words

NIKE _______________ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT _______________ BY: Castronuevo, Jan Clark Meer, Regginald Young, Johnedel Quintero, Arvin Dioneda, Jefrick September 18, 2009 Section 1 - Executive Summary Back before the Swoosh logo and long before the days we were called Nike, there was Blue Ribbon Sports (BRS). It was the company Phil Knight, our founder, and legendary track coach Bill Bowerman created in 1964 to provide athletes with better shoes. Their first year sales totaled around $8,000. It wasn’t until 1971 that BRS introduced the concept of the Greek winged Goddess of victory—Nike. In December 1980 we went public. Nike employs more than 33,000 people globally. Our†¦show more content†¦The second Emmy for advertising earned by Nike was for a 2002 spot called Move, which featured a series of famous and everyday athletes in a stream of athletic pursuit. Section 2 - Comprehensive Written Analysis Existing Vision, Mission, Objectives and Strategies Nike’s mission statement says, â€Å"Nike is the â€Å"largest seller of athletic footwear and athletic apparel in the world. Performance and Reliability of shoes, apparel, and equipment, new product development, price, product identity through marketing and promotion, and customer support and service are important aspects of competition in the athletic footwear, apparel, and equipment industry. We believe we are competitive in these areas. The company aims to â€Å"lead in corporate citizenship through proactive programs that reflect caring for the world family of Nike, our teammates, our consumers, and those who provide services to Nike.† Nike’s vision statement is as follows: â€Å"To bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete.† Developed Mission and Vision of the Organization Considering the elements of developing a proper Mission and Vision Statement for the organization, we have considered the following concern for customers, public image and employees, profitability, survival and growth, technology, and lastly the market. New Mission Statement for Nike We are committed to create, continuously develop, improve and market products that will suit every consumer’sShow MoreRelatedStrategic Management Analysis of Nike2527 Words   |  11 PagesNIKE _______________ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT _______________ BY: Castronuevo, Jan Clark Meer, Regginald Young, Johnedel Quintero, Arvin Dioneda, Jefrick September 18, 2009 Section 1 - Executive Summary Back before the Swoosh logo and long before the days we were called Nike, there was Blue Ribbon Sports (BRS). It was the company Phil Knight, our founder, and legendary track coach Bill Bowerman created in 1964 to provide athletes with better shoes.Read MoreEnvironmental Scan Essays952 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Scan Nanette Guffey MGT/ 498 – Strategic Management Richard Haines September 17th, 2012 Environmental scanning is an organization’s strategic management and is actual important to the corporation. Environmental scanning is getting-together data for the external and the internal of the company.Read MoreNikes Long Term Financial Goals938 Words   |  4 PagesHow important is it for the financial managers of Nike Inc. to use economic variables in identifying long term financial goals? For Nikes business model to continually flourish and stay profitable, the senior management team and strategic planners must continually monitor short, intermediate and long-term economic factors that will affect their operations. Nikes business model is heavily dependent on supply chains, as the majority of their products are manufactured in Asian nations, either inRead MoreNike, Mission, Vision, Values, Principles Essay704 Words   |  3 PagesRunning head: NIKE, Inc. Mission, Vision, Principles 1 NIKE, Inc. Mission, Vision, Principles Ameirah Aldahmani MSM631 – Strategic Management and Financial Reports Analysis Regis University Saturday, September 04, 2010 Abstract This paper is a qualitative and quantitative analysis of NIKE, Inc., done as six separate sections. The six sections of the project are external environment analysis, S.W.O.T analysis, executive interview, strategic and tactical plans and controls, structure,Read MoreNike s Competitiveness And External Environment1488 Words   |  6 PagesNike’s Competitiveness and External Environment The PESTAL analysis will help determine Nike’s current issues regarding their macro-environmental factors. The PESTEL analysis covers six areas of interest. The political factors for Nike are the possibility of tariffs being imposed by the United States federal government in their overseas operations. According to the world manufacturing map, Nike has factories in 42 countries (Nike, Inc, 2017). Therefore, tariffs, sanctions, or embargos that couldRead MoreNike s Offensive Competitive Advantage1206 Words   |  5 Pagesand then apply to a company. The Five Generic Competitive Strategies that Michael E. Porter developed are not really five strategies, more like five with subsets under them. Nike does not fit neatly into a specific strategy. The first factor within the competitive strategy as described in the Essentials of Strategic Management textbook is a broad target market or a narrow target market. The second factor considers the competitive advantage is striving to lower costs to the customer or utilizing aRead MoreThe Contemporary Challenges Of Outsourcing1244 Words   |  5 PagesMatthew Butler December 2nd 2014 Contemporary management Professor Beehner M.P.A Contemporary Challenge Essay Outsourcing â€Å"Outsourcing is the transfer of control of a process or product to an outside supplier†(Hasan). For this assignment, please identify a contemporary management challenge (e.g. diversity, globalism, ethics social responsibility, etc.). Then, identify a company or organization that you believe has been impacted by this contemporary challenge. Write a minimum four-page paperRead MoreNike Case Analysis717 Words   |  3 PagesNike’s Global Women’s Fitness Business: Driving Strategic Integration | [Your Name] | Introduction and Background In 2006, the American footwear, apparel and equipment manufacturing giant announced a major corporate reorganization that would switch the company’s attention from a product orientation to a category-driven approach. A product orientation approach, which was previously effective for Nike, centers all the business activities on continually innovating, improving and refining itsRead MoreAnalysis of Nike by Porter Five Forces Model1430 Words   |  6 PagesFamily name Bao First name Cheng ( Steven ) Title: The analysis of Nike in athletic footwear market based on porter’s Five forces model 1. Introduction One and a half months ago, the biggest athletic event in the world  ultimately drew its curtains after a pitched one-month-long battle, which saw thirty-two teams vying for the roll of honor of being crowned the final kings of football – the World Champions – and earn bragging rights for four years at least. It was not onlyRead MoreMGMT 479 UNDER ARMOUR Powerpoint Group Essay1065 Words   |  5 PagesTeam Developed Strategic Audit – Under Armour (UA) { Group #3, MGMT 479C Team Members: WELCOME TO UNDER ARMOUR ® EVERYTHING HERE IS BUILT TO MAKE YOU BETTER. www.underarmour.com Kokou Klu ïÆ'‘ Past Corporate Performance Indexes (2009-2010) ïÆ'“ ïÆ'“ ïÆ'‘ Strategic Posture ïÆ'“ ïÆ'“ ïÆ'‘ Mission – â€Å"To make all athletes better through passion, science, and the relentless pursuit of innovation† Objectives – Become â€Å"The athletic brand of this generation. And Next.† Current Strategies ïÆ'“ ïÆ'“ ïÆ'“ ïÆ'‘ Decline in footwear

Accountancy 2258 Free Essays

Written Macro Assignment Solutions True/False Questions. Read each statement carefully, and neatly write the word TRUE on the line next to the statement if you believe the statement is true, or neatly write the word FALSE on the line next to the statement if you believe the statement is false. FALSE1. We will write a custom essay sample on Accountancy 2258 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Do†¦Loops are used in macros to repeat lines of code a specified number of times. TRUE2. The area where macro code is displayed in Visual Basic is called the Code Window. TRUE3. A macro name is not required when creating a private macro. TRUE4. When declaring a variable, Dim stands for â€Å"define in memory†. FALSE5. Objects, Variables, and Actions are used to write macro code. TRUE6. One way to create a new macro is to use Record New Macro. TRUE7. The If†¦Then†¦Else†¦End If code allows code to be conditionally executed depending on whether a specified logical condition has been met. FALSE8. The last line of code for a private macro should be End Private Sub. FALSE9. The formula for a user-defined function must be entered in quotation marks. TRUE10. A public macro/procedure is activated by the user pressing the shortcut keys or clicking on a button. Problems. Read each problem carefully and follow the instructions given. 1. Open up Excel. Go to Cell E9 and use the Name Box to name this cell â€Å"Winter†. Then go to the Developer tab on the Ribbon, and click on the Record Macro button in the Code group. Name your macro â€Å"Referencing† and give it a shortcut key of â€Å"R†. After clicking OK to close the Record Macro dialog box, do the following: †¢ Select Cell C7 using absolute referencing (do not select the Use Relative Reference button). †¢ Using the drop-down arrow to the right of the Name Box, select â€Å"Winter†. †¢ Click on the Use Relative Reference button in the Code group on the Developer tab to use relative referencing, and then select Cell A4. Click on Stop Recording button in the Code group on the Developer tab. After you have performed these steps, view your code in Visual Basic Editor, and answer the following questions: a. What code was written when you selected Cell C7 using absolute referencing? Range(â€Å"C7†). Select b. What code was written when you selected the cell named â€Å"Winter† using the Name Box drop-down menu? Application. Goto Reference:=†Winter† c. What code was written when you selected Cell A4 using relative referencing? ActiveCell. Offset(-5, -4). Range(â€Å"A1†). Select Remember that ActiveCell. Select is the basic format used when writing macro code using relative referencing. Also, please note that when writing out the VBA code to move from one cell to another using relative referencing (as we did above) the Range(â€Å"A1†) portion of the code is not necessary. It shows up automatically (as displayed above) when we are recording a macro and moving from one cell to the next using relative referencing, but if you are just writing out the macro code, you do not need to include that portion of the code. 2. Assume Cell B3 is the current cell you are in on your Excel spreadsheet. Write the appropriate VBA code to perform the following: a. Move from Cell B3 to Cell E8 using relative referencing ActiveCell. Offset(5,3). Select Note that I did not include Range(â€Å"A1†) before . Select, as this is not necessary (see my note above). b. Move from Cell B3 to Cell A1 using relative referencing ActiveCell. Offset(-2,-1). Select c. =Move from Cell B3 to Cell J10 using absolute referencing Range(â€Å"J10†). Select 3. Write the necessary code to define a variable in Visual Basic named Age to store whole numbers with no decimal places. Dim Age As Integer 4. Write the necessary code to define a variable in Visual Basic named Expenses to store dollar values. Dim Expenses As Currency 5. Write the necessary code to define a variable in Visual Basic named City to store text values. Dim City As String 6. Write the appropriate code to create a dialog box asking the user to enter their employee ID number. Give the dialog box the title ID. Your code should place the user’s response in Cell A5 on your worksheet. Then create a loop around your code that will loop while Cell A5 is blank. Do Range(â€Å"A5†). Value = InputBox(â€Å"Please enter your employee ID number†, â€Å"ID†) Loop While Range(â€Å"A5†). Value = â€Å"† 7. Assume the employee ID number entered in the above dialog box is expected to be greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 99999. Rewrite your loop so it requires the user to enter a number that is equal to or between 1 and 99999. Do Range(â€Å"A5†). Value = InputBox(â€Å"Please enter your employee ID number†, â€Å"ID†) Loop Until Range(â€Å"A5†). Value = 1 and Range(â€Å"A5†). Value 9999 and ActiveCell. Value How to cite Accountancy 2258, Papers

Carl Roger’s Person-Centered Theory free essay sample

Rogers himself is a good example of creative person at work which he continued to expand and revise his theory. He as applied his work to diverse clinical group and settings include schools system, hospital, management, family therapy, group therapy, and foreign relations (Rogers, 1970; 1977; 1980; 1983). Roger’s Person-Centered approach to counseling emphasized the important dimension of â€Å"self†. The self concept is the person’s picture of the self and self-evaluation of this picture of this picture. The self concepts defined as the â€Å"individual dynamic organization of concept, values, goals, and ideals which he should behave† (Shostorm and Brammer, 1952, page 8). Various terms such as â€Å"concept of self†, â€Å"self-images†, and â€Å"self-structures† are used to describe this personality construct. The main sources of these personal, evaluations are direct experience and the values and concept of parent, which are incorporated as if directly experienced. The concept of self is a learned attribute, a progressive concept staring from birth and differentiating steadily through childhood and adolescence like an unfolding spiral. We will write a custom essay sample on Carl Roger’s Person-Centered Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This concept been monitored by doing a sample on two-year old child when she or he begin to realize that she or he has an individuality of his or her own with pressing and distinctive needs and powers. This growing awareness of himself or herself as a unique person is his or her concept of self. This self takes on various subjective attributes in the form of â€Å"I am†(his nature), â€Å"I can†(his capacities), â€Å"I should or should not†(his values), and â€Å"I want to be†(his aspirations);(Shostorm and Brammer, 1952). The development of self concept is influenced by an individual’s need for positive regard or approval from his or her parents or primary caregivers. Rogers believes the need for positive regard is a universal need and the developing child learns an internalized sense of worth based on his or her perception of the regards received from significant other. One’s self-regard comes to depend on the condition of worth that one has learned through interaction with significant others. The child need to retain the love from his or her parents gets in conflict with his or her own needs and desires. Experiences perceived to be incongruent in other word inconsistent with the self concept will lead to feelings of being threatened, anxious, confused, and inadequate. Because incongruent experiences tend to threaten their self-images, people attempt to use â€Å"defense mechanisms† to deny or distort the perception of these experiences to reduce the threat to the self-concept. The client self-definitions capacity concept and aspirations run partially along these lines: â€Å"I am a young adult†; â€Å"I respect my parent’s opinions†; â€Å"I don’t want to do work that I can’t do it†; â€Å"I like to be admired†. Yet the client experiences the fact he in an environments which the client’s parent expressed themselves and he value their judgment which test the client that he has the ability to do work. When the person above is not acting in accord their self-concept, we might say that the person is incongruent in the sense that the person awareness of threat, anxiety and her consequent defensiveness are high. The person concept of self and experiences as perceived are dissimilar. Congruence is the term used by self-theorist, particularly Rogers (1951) to imply the close matching of awareness and experience. If a client is aware of communicating a feeling that he genuinely experiencing, his behavior is said to be congruent or integrated. If a client is aware of trying to communicate a feeling of love to another person, for example he experiences hostility toward that person; the recipient of his feeling may experience an awareness of phony communication. The recipient is often aware, furthermore of unconsciously motivated defensives underlying the client inaccurate communication. This illustration point up the clear incongruence between experiences and awareness because the client is aware of and what he genuinely experiencing are two different phenomena. This condition is also an illustration of nature of defense from a self-theorist’s view point. The principal counseling implication of this theory of congruence it would seem is that the counselor’s problem is how to help client to face courageously the incongruence between awareness and experiences so that communication of their real experiences in full awareness and not defensively distorted. Although the â€Å"self† is the key structural construct, Rogers’s principal assumption or central hypothesis of the self-theory group is that the individual has self-actualizing growth tendency or need. The organism strives not only maintain itself, but also enhance itself in the direction of wholeness, integrations, completeness, and autonomy. Hence, the client is believed to have capacity to solve her or his problem. The main implication of this view is that the counselor’s role is to create an interview â€Å"climate† and to use techniques that allow natural growth forces to healthy and creative behaviors. A third assumption, central to phenomenological views, is that people â€Å"reality† is that which they perceive. External events are significant for individual only insofar as they experience them as meaningful. The phenomenologists say that the way to understand individuals is to infer the â€Å"phenomenological fields† from their behavior. In other word, to really know a person, the observer, or the counselor, must know how the individual views as environments and himself. Thus, the term internal frame of references has come to common use in counseling with the implication that the counselor must try to perceive clients perceptual worlds as closely as they can. These viewpoints explain why the client-centered counseling group focuses on deep understanding and acceptances of client attitudes. A key assumption of client-centered counseling is those clients who have been heard in this understanding way are better able to become self-actualized. Thus, the phenomenological approach places a premium on the emphatic skills f psychotherapist. Rogers has been the model of this skill of entering the unique perceptual world of client. Therapeutics process In Carl Roger’s Person-Centered Theory, the counseling relationship is considered the central means for promoting healing and growth. The function of counselor is to establish a therapeutic climate in which client experience the necessary freedom to explore areas of their lives that now are either denied to awareness or distorted. According to Rogers, change in occurs as a result of an interaction between the therapist and clients. There is strong emphasis on being relationship of unconditional positive regard toward the client and on client’s experience himself or herself within that relationship. In the relationship climate, individuals experience permission to experiences and work through their internal conflicts. There is less concern about the direction in which clients will move and more concern about providing a relationship where they can move freely and safely in exploring their own feelings. The person-centered theorist claims that these behaviors automatically change in socially desired direction when the client’s perception is more differentiated and when the client discovers for one’s self more satisfying ways of meeting his or her own and society’s needs. This therapeutic climate is fostered by relationship conditions of empathy, positive regard, genuineness offered by the therapist that focus clients current experiencing rather than on interpreting past history or the transference relationship. The exclusive focus in therapy on the present personalized experiences of the client is the sources of the terms person-centered therapy. The therapist focuses on his or her attention on the needs and experiences of the clients. Rogers believes that empathic understanding has a curative effect on the client. Rogers know that healing is occurring through the client’s experiencing an intensely human interaction within the context of an emotionally real relationship. In person-centered therapy, it is therapist openness to his or her own experiencing and willingness to share that with the client that provides the basis for therapeutic change. The therapist willingness and consistency in truthfully reporting their feeling and experiences in the relationship removes some the risk of sharing feeling with another. Person-Centered therapy has undergone an evolution since its inception. Hart (1970) has described Rogers’s work occurring within three phases. The first phase (1940-1950) might be called the nondirective therapy. The functions of the therapist were to create a permissive, nondirective atmosphere and aim to create a safe therapeutic climate. Rogers’s technical interventions consistent primary of accepting the client clarifying what they want to say. During the second reflective psychotherapy phase (1950-1957), emphasis was placed on creating a non threatening relationship. The counselor role’s was not to interpret but rather to attend to the client felt experiencing or affect. The experimental psychotherapy phase (1957-1970) began with Rogers’s statement of the necessary and sufficient conditions for personality change occur. To a much greater extent than in earlier years, a wide range of therapist behaviors was permitted in order to express the basic relationship attitudes of empathy, positive regard, and congruence. There was focuses on the therapist experiencing and expressing his or her own immediate feeling in the relationship. Roger’s emphasis shifted away from attention to technique such as reflection of feelings and toward an increased focus on the importance of the basis therapist attitudes. Rogers’s Person-Centered therapy has generated numerous research contributions to the sciences and practice of counseling. Many researchers have studied the facilitative condition of empathy, genuineness, and acceptance that Rogers hypothesized as necessary and sufficient condition of therapy. Truax and Mitchell (1971) reviewed research on the therapy in attitude tend to be effective during the therapy. However, in more recent review of the literature, Gelso and Carter (1985, page 220) state that the condition originally specified by Rogers are neither necessary nor sufficient, although it seems clear that such a condition are facilitative. They also suggested that client’s deterioration is not related in a clear, linear way to low counselor facilitativeness but rather to a complex constellation of therapist and client relationship variables. Gelso and Carter point out that much of research based on the Roger’s theories has looked at therapist variables and has ignored the two way interaction that a therapeutic relationship involves. The principal mark of Roger’s Person-Centered theory is its postulation of a self-concept. A second distinguishing characteristic is the belief in the innate positive growth potential or self-actualizing power of the organism. The main focus is on the relationship of counselor to client. In this relationship, the counselor attitudes of honesty, trustworthiness, and genuine concern are crucial. A main difference from other dynamic approaches appears to be effort to build and maintain a nonthreatening, anxiety-reducing relationship in which growth that can take place from the beginning. Another difference from other approaches is the increased amount of responsibility placed upon the client compared to that ascribed to the counselor. His immense power came from the fact that once he discovered something, he followed it through. He saw no reason to limit it by all those irrelevancies that stop most people. So he was able to launch practices that revolutionized the field. He insisted on testing his new therapy to show that it worked. To Rogers that meant objective, quantitative research. But there were few usable procedures and no examples of research in psychotherapy. Such research was considered impossible because therapists had never let anyone listen in, let alone measure and compare. Rogers recorded therapy sessions on the clumsy glass discs of that time. He was accused of ‘violating the sanctity of the analytic relationship’ – another war. Rogers wanted comparative research, and he tried hard to get the psychoanalysts to record and test their therapy. For years their reply was ‘You can record the residents’ (in other words, the trainees). It showed whose sanctity was being protected. Roger’s group was the first (by 20 years) to analyses every sentence of hundreds of transcripts and to measure outcomes on psychometric (and other newly devised) tests given to the client before and after therapy, and also given to a control group. Rogers won that war too; such research is now common. Roger’s discovery had implications for other fields, and he followed them up in his usual way: Is it just as true in education that a deeper process develops from inside? Rogers began teaching by handing out lists of ‘available resources’ and then pursuing the good sense of each student’s proposal. The result, each time, was an enormously excited class directing its own exploration. Without assignments, students read and did more than ever under the old system. Rogers soon contributed to a new literature that influenced a generation of educators. Carl Roger’s Person-Centered Theory that related to myself 1. On the 19 June 2010, I received offer letter to pursue my studies in degree which make me in dilemma either I should accept the offer or not. My mind were so confused and I searching for my self-concept within myself and asked question to myself if I going to UNIMAS, will I face threatening situation from the senior which make myself in jeopardy? Will I achieve the target of my life? Will I secure my future if I continue my degree in UNIMAS? These questions were answer when I talk to my parent about it. My parent advises me that for each question have it own answer. They tell me that university life is going to be a challenging life and will make me more independent in my life so I can take a good decision in my life which I can secure my future in my own decision making sense. 2. On the March 2010, I was in the middle of conflict of love and future. I been love with partner for almost three years which my partner is one year elder than me. When she finish her studies Bachelor in Business Administration (BBA), she start to talk about our future which it a good communication among the couple but the way she talking about the matter I can feel that she losing confident on our love slowly which I can’t take it. I try my level best to solve her dilemma in love and same time with our future. The problem is her family background is full of problem in all aspect which makes her hard to finalize her decision in our future and love. So I take a decision which I don’t if it is a right decision or not. I tell her that settles everything in her life which will secure her future life very well and after she accomplishes everything in her life then I and her talk about love matter. I make her to rediscover her self-concept in decision making and make her realize that we need a high confident in life to get what we want in our life. 3. In April 2010, I face a tough conflict between the love of my parent and love of my partner. My parent always worried about me whenever I went out to see my partner which in safety wise. My family especially my mum and dad know about my partner but the concern on my safety because my partner family don’t know about me and who am I to her. So when I come meet her, I always go back early as what I promise to my parent that I will back home in time. This make her sad and make her think that I less spending time with her. When I spend time with her a bit longer, my dad will call me and where I am now and what time I will back. I always denied to my parent that I on the way to home and that make my partner uncomfortable which she think that I am in trouble because of her. So I and my partner take decision which satisfied both side. 4. In November 2008, it was the month of every student will pray to them self to get good result in their Entrepreneur Business Project which groups are perform well will obtain Diploma in Business Management. My group was the third group to present the Business Plan. Me and my anxiety to perform because the first two groups fail to perform well. So I hold my nervousness very well and make our self confident that we can go through this situation but the real obstacles is to answer the question that has been shoots by my lecturer with the background of Master and PhD holders. I and my group try our level best to answer the question throw toward us. So when we complete answered the question, I and my group member waiting for the result which play a major role in our future and when the result finalize, I and my group gets A- for the business plan and my group member thanks me because the effort we put get a good result. All the above example are related to the Carl Roger’s Person-Centered which emphasized on myself which really happen in my life and still happening which I’m still searching answers for each problem that occurs in my life and the Carl Rogers’s Theory plays a solution role a part of my life.